CheapCheese

Elijah

2005-11-18T22:20:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Elias, or Elia, Hebrew Eliyyahu Hebrew prophet who ranks with Moses in saving the religion of Yahweh from being corrupted by the nature worship of Baal. Elijah's name means “Yahweh is my God” and is spelled Elias in some versions of the Bible. The story of his prophetic career in the northern kingdom of Israel during the reigns of Kings Ahab and Ahaziah is told in 1 Kings 17–19 and 2 Kings 1–2 in the Old Testament.

Louis

2005-10-16T19:10:00.000-07:00

Louis, who is believed to have played a major role in the murder of Andrew of Hungary, Joan's first husband (September 1345), married Joan in August 1347. When Andrew's brother Louis I of Hungary invaded

Mcphee, John

2005-07-27T21:50:00.000-07:00

After graduating from Princeton University (A.B., 1953), McPhee studied for a year at

Switzerland

2005-07-26T03:20:00.000-07:00

Switzerland eased away from self-imposed isolation when it joined the United Nations on Sept. 10, 2002, following a referendum in March in which 55% of the electorate voted in favour of UN membership. Pres. Kaspar Villiger and other government members argued that rejection would be disastrous for the country's international standing and that membership was compatible with

Chaco Boreal

2005-07-23T15:55:00.000-07:00

Region of distinctive vegetation occupying about 100,000 square miles (259,000 square km) in northwestern Paraguay, southeastern Bolivia, and northern Argentina. The region is part of the vast, arid lowland known as the Gran Chaco (q.v.). The Chaco Boreal's land is flat and is marked by deciduous scrub woodlands to the west of the Paraguay River that include the quebracho, a tree valuable

Baader, Franz Xaver Von

2005-07-06T17:45:00.000-07:00

Abandoning a profitable career as a mining engineer in 1820, he turned his attention to a study of politics and religion. His earlier efforts to achieve ecumenical and political unity contributed to the formation in 1815 of the Holy Alliance, a

East Haven

2005-06-30T19:35:00.000-07:00

Urban town (township), New Haven county, southern Connecticut, U.S., on Long Island Sound just east of New Haven and separated from Branford (east) by Lake Saltonstall (about 3 miles [5 km] long). Originally a part of New Haven called Iron Works Village (because of the furnace established there in 1655 to process bog iron ore), it was renamed East Haven in 1707 and was incorporated as a separate

Arnold, Matthew

2005-06-23T01:55:00.000-07:00

It was Arnold's expressed desire that his biography should not be written; there are, however, a number of monographs and biographico-critical works, among them Lionel Trilling, Matthew Arnold (1939), the best full-length study; J. Dover Wilson, Leslie Stephen and Matthew Arnold As Critics of Wordsworth (1939); Sir E.K. Chambers, Matthew Arnold: A Study (1947); J.D. Jump, Matthew Arnold, “Men and Books Series” (1955); G. Robert Stange, Matthew Arnold: The Poet As Humanist (1967).

Iraq, Recurrence of military coups, 196368

2005-06-21T07:40:00.000-07:00

The military faction that brought about the collapse of the Qasim regime preferred to remain behind the scenes rather than assume direct responsibility. The Ba'th Party, a group of young activists who advocated Arab nationalism and socialism, was entrusted with power. Ba'th leaders invited 'Abd al-Salam 'Arif to assume the presidency. A National Council for Revolutionary

Isabella I

2005-06-16T11:05:00.000-07:00

Byname Isabella the Catholic , Spanish Isabel la Católica queen of Castile (1474–1504) and of Aragon (1479–1504), ruling the two kingdoms jointly from 1479 with her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon (Ferdinand V of Castile). Their rule effected the permanent union of Spain and the beginning of an overseas empire in the New World, led by Christopher Columbus under Isabella's

Achelous River

2005-06-13T06:00:00.000-07:00

Modern Greek Akhelóös Potamós, also called Aspropótamos, one of the longest rivers in Greece, rising in the Pindus Mountains of central Epirus (Ípiros) and dividing Aetolia from Acarnania. It debouches into the Ionian Sea after a course of 140 mi (220 km), mostly through gorges. Well above Agrínion two hydroelectric dams were built to harness the waters of the river and its tributaries. One is at Kastraki; the other, at Kremasta, is the

Block And Tackle

2005-06-01T15:20:00.000-07:00

Combination of a flexible rope, or cable, and pulleys commonly used to augment pulling force; it can be used to lift heavy weights or to exert large forces in any direction. In the Figure there are four freely rotating pulleys, two on the upper block, which remains fixed, and two on the lower block, which moves up as the load W is lifted; one end of the rope is anchored to the upper

Pacific Ocean, Eastern region

2005-05-18T05:50:00.000-07:00

The eastern region, which extends southward from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, is relatively narrow and is associated with the American cordilleran system of almost unbroken mountain chains, the coastal ranges of which rise steeply from the western shores of North and South America. The continental shelf, which runs parallel to it, is steep and comparatively narrow.

Basho

2005-05-16T11:10:00.000-07:00

Interested in haiku from an early age, Basho at first put his literary interests aside and entered the service of a local feudal lord. After

Mahasanghika

2005-05-14T08:55:00.000-07:00

Its emergence about a century after the death of the Buddha (483 BC) represented the first major schism in the Buddhist community. Although traditional accounts of the second council, at Vaisali (now in Bihar state), attribute

Oak Bay

2005-03-15T10:25:00.000-08:00

District municipality, southwestern British Columbia, Canada, on southeastern Vancouver Island. It is an eastern residential suburb of Victoria, the provincial capital, and is a popular retirement community, with one of the highest percentages of persons over 65 in Canada. Inc. 1906. Pop. (1991) 17,815.

Gobel, Jean-baptiste-joseph

2005-03-14T09:32:00.000-08:00

Educated at the German College, Rome, Gobel became in 1755 vicar-general of the diocese of

Re

2005-03-11T19:33:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Ra, or Phra, � in ancient Egyptian religion, god of the sun and creator god. He was believed to travel across the sky in his solar bark and, during the night, to make his passage in another bark through the underworld, where, in order to be born again for the new day, he had to vanquish the evil serpent Apopis (Apepi). As the creator, he rose from the ocean of chaos on the primeval hill, creating

Arabian Desert

2005-03-04T02:35:00.000-08:00

Western Arabia formed part of the African landmass before a rift occurred in the Earth's crust, as a result of which the Red Sea was formed and Africa and the Arabian Peninsula finally became separated some five to six million years ago. Thus, the southern half of the peninsula has a greater affinity with the regions of Somalia and Ethiopia in Africa than with northern

France, History Of, Foreign affairs

2005-03-03T23:35:00.000-08:00

From the beginning of his reign Louis pursued a vigorous foreign policy. Historical opinion has traditionally held that Louis sought to dominate Europe, only to meet his just deserts at the end of his reign. More recently another interpretation has emerged, which argues that Louis pursued consistent and for the most part moderate aims and pursued them successfully

France, History Of, Foreign affairs

2005-03-02T20:20:00.000-08:00

Comte, Auguste

2005-03-01T05:40:00.000-08:00

In full �Isidore-auguste-marie-fran�ois-xavier Comte� French philosopher known as the founder of sociology and of positivism. Comte gave the science of sociology its name and established the new subject in a systematic fashion.

Ear, Human, Nerves

2005-02-28T19:54:00.000-08:00

The seventh cranial nerve, called the facial nerve, passes by a somewhat circuitous route through the facial canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone on its way from the brain stem to the muscles of expression of the face. A small but important branch, the chorda tympani nerve, emerges from the canal into the middle ear cavity and runs forward along the inner

Ear, Human, Nerves

2005-02-27T10:27:00.000-08:00

Craig, Edward Gordon

2005-02-26T16:51:00.000-08:00

Craig was the second child of a liaison between the actress Ellen Terry and the architect Edward William Godwin. Like Edith (the other child of his parents), their son was given the name

Soria

2005-02-25T18:18:00.000-08:00

Province, in the comunidad aut�noma (�autonomous community�) of Castile-Le�n, north-central Spain. Formed from part of Old Castile in 1833, it has an area of 3,972 square miles (10,287 square km). The terrain is varied: to the north are the Moncayo and Urbi�n mountain ranges; in the centre, around Soria city, the provincial capital, is a flat plain watered by the Duero (Portuguese: Douro) River; and

France, History Of, The Dreyfus affair

2005-02-24T23:06:00.000-08:00

The 1890s also saw the Third Republic's greatest political and moral crisis - the Dreyfus affair. In 1894 Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a career army officer of Jewish origin, was charged with selling military secrets to the Germans. He was tried and convicted by a court-martial and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island off the South American coast. Efforts by the Dreyfus

John George Ii

2005-02-23T09:46:00.000-08:00

In 1657, just after his accession, he made an arrangement with his three brothers with the object of preventing disputes over their separate territories, and in 1664 he entered into friendly relations with Louis XIV of France. He received money from the French

Ujigami

2005-02-22T04:11:00.000-08:00

In the Shinto religion of Japan, the tutelary deity of a village or geographic area. The meaning of ujigami has undergone considerable evolution over the centuries, mainly because of the historical migrations of clan communities in Japan. Originally the term referred to the ancestral deity (kami) of a family or clan (uji), blood kinship forming the basis of the spiritual

Sucker

2005-02-21T20:53:00.000-08:00

Any of the freshwater fishes constituting the family Catostomidae, similar to and closely related to the carp and minnows (Cyprinidae). There are about 80 to 100 species of suckers; except for a few species in Asia, all are North American. Many suckers are almost indistinguishable from minnows, but catostomids may often be recognized by the sucking, usually ventral

Calder, Alexander (stirling)

2005-02-19T08:25:00.000-08:00

U.S. sculptor best known as the originator of the mobile, a type of kinetic sculpture, the delicately balanced or suspended components of which move in response to motor power or air currents; by contrast, Calder's stationary sculptures are called stabiles. He also produced numerous wire figures, notably for a vast miniature

Stahl, Franklin W.

2005-02-18T14:24:00.000-08:00

Educated at Harvard (A.B., 1951) and the University of Rochester (Ph.D., 1956), Stahl pursued his research

Distillation

2005-02-17T20:05:00.000-08:00

Process involving the conversion of a liquid into vapour that is subsequently condensed back to liquid form. It is exemplified at its simplest when steam from a kettle becomes deposited as drops of distilled water on a cold surface. Distillation is used to separate liquids from nonvolatile solids, as in the separation of alcoholic liquors from fermented materials,

Ibn Al-haytham

2005-02-16T20:46:00.000-08:00

Latinized as �Alhazen,� in full, �Abu 'Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham � mathematician and astronomer who made significant contributions to the principles of optics and the use of scientific experiments.

Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseyevich

2005-02-15T09:49:00.000-08:00

At the age of 14, less than two years after he had learned the moves of chess, Botvinnik defeated the then-current world champion, Jos� Ra�l Capablanca, in one game of an exhibition in which

Aerospace Industry, Avionics

2005-02-14T13:00:00.000-08:00

Avionics includes all instruments, sensors, and electronic equipment and the electrical systems that link them to each other and to aerospace vehicle-control systems. It encompasses the functional equipment for guidance, navigation, and communications. A modern airline transport can contain more than 1,000 sensors and �black boxes.� The latter are metal or plastic

Overture

2005-02-13T10:02:00.000-08:00

Musical composition, usually the orchestral introduction to a musical work (often dramatic), but also an independent instrumental work. Early operas opened with a sung prologue or a short instrumental flourish, such as the trumpet �Toccata� that opens Claudio Monteverdi's Orfeo (1607). Subsequent 17th-century operas were sometimes preceded by a short instrumental piece

Jew's Harp

2005-02-12T20:18:00.000-08:00

Also called �Jaw's Harp, or Guimbarde, � musical instrument consisting of a thin wood or metal tongue fixed at one end to the base of a two-pronged frame. The player holds the frame to his mouth, which forms a resonance cavity, and plucks the instrument's tongue. The notes produced are limited to the fourth through tenth tones of the harmonic series (in relative pitch, c - e - g - b [approximately] - c� - d� - e�). The tongue produces

Skaraborg

2005-02-11T23:52:00.000-08:00

Former l�n (county) of south-central Sweden, located between Lakes V�nern and V�ttern. Founded as a county in 1634, it was merged with the counties of �lvsborg and G�teborg och Bohus in 1998 to form the county of V�stra G�taland.

Baseball

2005-02-10T05:02:00.000-08:00

Mark McGwire of the St. Louis Cardinals and Sammy Sosa of the Chicago Cubs, the two sluggers who shattered major league baseball's existing home-run records in 1998, staged a reprise in 1999, with 65 and 63 home runs, respectively. Offense overall throughout both the National League (NL) and the American League (AL) increased substantially; the total home-run output of 5,528 broke the previous

Trask, Kate Nichols

2005-02-09T22:25:00.000-08:00

Kate Nichols was of a wealthy family and was privately educated. In November 1874 she married Spencer Trask, a banker and financier. Although she had had literary leanings

Juan Jos� De Austria

2005-02-08T23:50:00.000-08:00

Juan Jos� was the son of King Philip IV of Spain and Mar�a Calder�n, a celebrated actress. He received a princely education and a large

Interlude

2005-02-07T05:59:00.000-08:00

In theatre, early form of English dramatic entertainment, sometimes considered to be the transition between medieval morality plays and Tudor dramas. Interludes were performed at court or at �great houses� by professional minstrels or amateurs at intervals between some other entertainment, such as a banquet, or preceding or following a play, or between acts. Although

Tabby

2005-02-06T06:01:00.000-08:00

Type of dark-striped coat colouring found in both wild and domestic cats. One of the most common coat colours, the tabby pattern dates back to domestic cats in ancient Egypt. It is a recognized colour variety in purebred cats and is frequently seen in cats of mixed ancestry. Tabby colouring is highly variable but, for show cats, should consist of the following dark markings:

Tabby

2005-02-05T03:22:00.000-08:00

Abu Bakar

2005-02-04T13:40:00.000-08:00

Under an 1824 British treaty, supplemented by an agreement in 1855, the Malay state of Johore was ruled not

Felting

2005-02-03T13:04:00.000-08:00

Consolidation of certain fibrous materials by the application of heat, moisture, and mechanical action, causing the interlocking, or matting, of fibres possessing felting properties. Such fibres include wool, fur, and certain hair fibres that mat together under appropriate conditions because of their peculiar structure and high degree of crimp (waviness). Wool

Utility And Value

2005-02-02T19:00:00.000-08:00

The modern industrial economy is characterized by a high degree of interdependence of its parts. The supplier of components or raw materials, for example, must deliver the desired quantities of his products at the right moment and in the desired specifications. In economies such as those of western

Ahmed I

2005-02-01T07:33:00.000-08:00

Ottoman sultan from 1603 to 1617, whose authority was weakened by wars, rebellions, and misrule. The rebellions he was able to suppress; he executed some of the viziers and exiled many palace dignitaries for bribery and intrigue; and he introduced a new regulation for the improvement of land administration. The peace of Zsitvat�r�k (1606) that he signed

Wampum

2005-01-31T13:34:00.000-08:00

Tubular shell beads that have been assembled into strings or woven into belts or embroidered ornaments, formerly used as a medium of exchange by some North American Indians. The terms wampum and wampumpeag were initially adopted by English settlers, who derived them from one of the eastern Algonquian languages; literally translated, wampumpeag means �strings

Ramathibodi I

2005-01-30T02:31:00.000-08:00

Little is known of Ramathibodi's early career, but he is thought to have been related to the ruling family of the principality of Lop Buri and to have married the daughter of the ruler of U Thong (now Suphan Buri) in central Siam. He succeeded to the throne of U Thong in about 1347 and moved

Colfax

2005-01-29T00:30:00.000-08:00

County, northeastern New Mexico, U.S., bordered on the north by Colorado. Its westernmost section is in the Southern Rocky Mountains and includes the Cimarron range, topped by 12,441-foot (3,782-m) Baldy Peak, and the Sangre de Cristo range, which rises to more than 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and includes the Carson National Forest. Between the two mountain ranges is Eagle Nest Lake, the county's largest body

Extraterritoriality

2005-01-28T05:07:00.000-08:00

Also called �Exterritoriality, or Diplomatic Immunity, � in international law, the immunities enjoyed by foreign states or international organizations and their official representatives from the jurisdiction of the country in which they are present. Extraterritoriality extends to foreign states or international organizations as entities and to their heads, legations, troops in passage, war vessels, mission premises,

Ataulphus

2005-01-27T09:48:00.000-08:00

In 412 Ataulphus led the Visigoths, who had recently sacked Rome (410), from Italy to settle in southern Gaul. Two years later he married the Roman princess Galla Placidia (sister of the emperor Honorius), who had been seized at Rome. Driven from Gaul, he retreated into Spain early

Boston, Continuous park system

2005-01-26T09:15:00.000-08:00

When the Back Bay was nearing completion during the 1880s, the American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted (1822 - 1903) developed an imaginative and large-scale design for the city's parks. It linked the Common, Public Garden, and Commonwealth Avenue with Franklin Park in West Roxbury by way of an open park known as the Fenway, which followed the Muddy River off to Brookline

Kirishitan

2005-01-25T00:33:00.000-08:00

Christian missionaries led by Francis Xavier entered Japan in 1549, only six years after the first Portuguese traders,

Art And Architecture, Oceanic, Aesthetics

2005-01-24T04:44:00.000-08:00

Pacific languages seem to be deficient in terms to express appreciation of or reactions to art, apart from a few that designate the mastery of individual specialists. Little is understood, moreover, about the islanders' aesthetic concepts. Reactions to works of art seem to range from the pragmatic and rational in the secular realm to the violently emotional in the

Morand, Paul

2005-01-23T22:10:00.000-08:00

Morand joined the diplomatic service in 1912, serving as attach� in London, Rome, Madrid, and Siam (Thailand). In his early fiction, Ouvert la nuit (1922; Open All Night), Ferm� la nuit (1923; Closed All Night), and Lewis et Ir�ne (1924; Lewis and Irene), he borrowed the cinematic techniques of rapid scene changing and transported the reader

Argentina, Drainage

2005-01-22T08:40:00.000-08:00

The largest river basin in the area is that of the R�o de la Plata (often called the River Plate). It drains an area of some 1.6 million square miles (4.1 million square km), which includes northern Argentina, the whole of Paraguay, eastern Bolivia, most of Uruguay, and a large part of Brazil. The river is actually an estuary formed by the confluence of the Paran� and Uruguay rivers;

Cabbage Looper

2005-01-21T13:41:00.000-08:00

Distinctive green, white-lined larva, or caterpillar, of Trichoplusia ni, of the owlet moth family Noctuidae (order Lepidoptera). Like other larvae in this family, the cabbage looper lacks the usual lepidopteran legs beneath the mid-region of the body, which therefore rises up in a loop when the tail advances while the head stands still. It is an economic pest of cabbages

North America, 30 to 2.5 million years ago

2005-01-20T23:34:00.000-08:00

About 30 million years ago North America began to override the East Pacific Rise, an oceanic spreading ridge. This activity placed a progressively longer segment of the coast in contact with the plate west of the ridge. The western plate - which contains the Pacific Coast Ranges of California - has been moving to the northwest relative to North America along the San Andreas

Dahshur

2005-01-19T14:58:00.000-08:00

Two of its five extant pyramids date from the 4th dynasty (c. 2575 - c. 2465 BC) and were built by King Snefru (2575 - 51). The earlier one, because

Andong

2005-01-18T15:41:00.000-08:00

City, North Kyongsang do (province), east-central South Korea. It lies 215 miles (345 km) from the mouth of the Naktong River, at the terminus of its navigable section, near a multipurpose dam. The city has been in existence since the Three Kingdoms period (beginning c. 57 BC) under various names, and since the Koryo period (935 - 1392) it has been known by its present name. Until the end of the Choson (Yi) dynasty

Medicine, Naval and air force medicine

2005-01-17T16:57:00.000-08:00

Naval medical services are run on lines similar to those of the army. Junior medical officers are attached to ships or to shore stations and deal with most cases of sickness in their units. When at sea, medical officers have an exceptional degree of responsibility in that they work alone, unless they are on a very large ship. In peacetime, only the larger ships carry a

Medicine, Naval and air force medicine

2005-01-16T20:14:00.000-08:00

Gully

2005-01-15T06:56:00.000-08:00

Trench cut into land by the erosion of an accelerated stream of water. Various conditions make such erosion possible: the natural vegetation securing the soil may have been destroyed by human action, by fire, or by a climatic change; or an exceptional storm may send in torrents of water down the streambed. Gully erosion is closely related to intense local thunderstorms

Astoria Canyon

2005-01-14T05:41:00.000-08:00

Submarine canyon and fan-valley system of the Pacific continental margin, off the coast of Oregon, U.S. The canyon's head is in water about 330 feet (100 m) deep, 11 miles (18 km) west of the mouth of the Columbia River. The canyon crosses the seaward half of the continental shelf in a westerly direction and trends sinuously down to the base of the continental slope and the apex of Astoria

Abraham, Karl

2005-01-13T15:50:00.000-08:00

While serving as an assistant to the psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler at the Burgh�lzi Mental Hospital in Z�rich (1904 - 07), Abraham met the psychoanalyst Carl Jung and made his initial

Wellingborough

2005-01-12T14:56:00.000-08:00

Town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Northamptonshire, England, situated east of Northampton along the River Nene. Wellingborough grew as a market town in the Middle Ages. After a fire in 1738, it was rebuilt on its present hill site. Wellingborough School, founded in 1595, was endowed with revenues from a suppressed medieval guild. Wellingborough's

Parakou

2005-01-11T09:23:00.000-08:00

Town and administrative capital of Borgou province, central Benin (formerly Dahomey), West Africa. It is the terminus of the so-called Benin - Niger Railway, which was originally planned to extend to the Niger River. The railway runs northward from Cotonou, Benin's major port and commercial centre on the Gulf of Guinea, to Parakou, whence goods must be transported by road

Amol

2005-01-10T14:36:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Amul� town, northern Iran, on the Harhaz River. The exact date of the founding of the town is unknown and enshrouded in legend, but it is certain that there has been a town on the site since Sasanian times. During the Sasanian period, the district of Amol, together with the neighbouring district of Gilan, formed a Nestorian Christian episcopate. After the Arab conquest in the 8th century,

Sore Mouth

2005-01-09T13:25:00.000-08:00

Also called �doby mouth, �pustular dermatitis�, or �contagious ecthyma (CE)� viral disease of sheep and goats. Blisters, pustules, ulcers, and scabs form on the lips especially but also on the face and ears. In severe cases sores form inside the mouth. Infections occur in the spring and summer and heal in about a month. Humans who work around the sheep sometimes become infected.

Vald�s Leal, Juan De Nisa

2005-01-08T13:17:00.000-08:00

His father was Portuguese, and Vald�s Leal was educated in C�rdoba under the guidance of Antonio del Castillo and worked there until 1653. For the next few years he

Settat

2005-01-07T20:06:00.000-08:00

City, central Morocco. Situated on the coastal plain immediately south of Casablanca, the city is the largest market centre in the fertile Chaouia coastal plain. Settat city's most notable features are a late 17th-century casbah built by the 'Alawi ruler Moulay Isma'il and a millah (traditional Jewish quarter) established in the 19th century. The city is connected by road and

Sporophyte

2005-01-06T21:49:00.000-08:00

In certain plants and algae, nonsexual phase (or an individual representing the phase) in the alternation of generations - a phenomenon in which two distinct phases (a haploid and a diploid phase) occur in the life history of a plant, each phase producing the other. (The alternate, sexual phase is the gametophyte.) In the sporophyte phase, a diploid plant body grows and eventually

Biblical Literature, The Hellenistic period

2005-01-05T01:12:00.000-08:00

The translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek by Alexandrian Jews in the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC provided opportunities for recording interpretations that were probably current in Hellenistic Judaism. Literal translations might be misleading to Greek readers; metaphors natural in Hebrew were rendered into less figurative Greek. �Walking with God� or �walking

Tanzania, Early exploration

2005-01-04T10:29:00.000-08:00

Most of the known history of Tanganyika before the 19th century concerns the coastal area, although the interior has a number of important prehistoric sites, including the Olduvai Gorge. Trading contacts between Arabia and the East African coast existed by the 1st century AD, and there are indications of connections with India. The coastal trading centres were mainly

Furuta Oribe

2005-01-03T01:21:00.000-08:00

After serving as a soldier Oribe was made a daimyo (feudal lord) and placed in charge of the Fushimi Castle in Kyoto. There he became the favourite pupil of the famous tea master Sen Rikyu and, after Rikyu's death in 1591, the foremost tea master in Japan. In 1615, however,

Biblical Literature, Biblical literature in the liturgy of Judaism

2005-01-02T13:16:00.000-08:00

Because the synagogue arose in a land separated from the Jerusalem Temple with its sacrificial

Chile, Political stagnation, 1952 - 64

2005-01-01T07:14:00.000-08:00

Various conditions explain the victory in 1952 of the former dictator Gen. Carlos Ib��ez del Campo. Under Radical rule the middle class had affirmed its political importance without injuring the economic power of the landed oligarchy, but the lower classes fell farther behind the middle and upper strata. In 1949 the vote was granted to women, and the electorate thus expanded

Haavikko, Paavo

2004-12-31T00:09:00.000-08:00

With his first collection of poems, Tiet et�isyyksiin (1951; �The Roads That Lead Far Away�), Haavikko demonstrated a rare command of rhythm and image in his virtuoso handling of the language. In his next collection, Tuuli�in� (1953; �In Windy

Avogadro's Law

2004-12-30T22:55:00.000-08:00

The

Powell, Colin

2004-12-29T15:19:00.000-08:00

The son of Jamaican immigrants, Powell grew up in the Harlem and South Bronx sections of New York City and attended the City College of New York (B.S., 1958), serving in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC). He entered the army upon

Hancock, Thomas

2004-12-27T14:27:00.000-08:00

English inventor and manufacturer who founded the British rubber industry. His chief invention, the �masticator,� worked rubber scraps into a shredded mass of rubber that could be formed into blocks or rolled into sheets. This process, perfected in 1821, led to a partnership with the Scottish chemist and inventor of waterproof

May, Phil

2004-12-26T20:05:00.000-08:00

His father, an engineer, died when May was nine years old. Three years later he began to earn his living; he worked as a timekeeper in a foundry, as a jockey, and then on the stage.

Strachey, (evelyn) John (st. Loe)

2004-12-25T16:55:00.000-08:00

Son of John St. Loe Strachey, publisher and editor of The Spectator, Strachey broke with his family's Conservative allegiances and in 1923, while a student at Oxford, joined

Levuka

2004-12-24T06:38:00.000-08:00

Town on the east coast of Ovalau island, central Fiji, South Pacific, and capital of Lomaiviti Province at the western edge of the country's Eastern Division. Settled by a U.S. adventurer in 1822, the area was the centre of a cotton boom during the U.S. Civil War (1861 - 65), when world cotton supplies were disrupted. Levuka was chosen as the capital of Fiji in 1874, when the islands were annexed by

Protein, Protamines and histones

2004-12-23T23:03:00.000-08:00

Protamines are found in the sperm cells of fish. The most thoroughly investigated protamines are salmine from salmon sperm and clupeine from herring sperm. The protamines are bound to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), forming nucleoprotamines. The amino acid composition of the protamines is simple; they contain, in addition to large amounts of arginine, small amounts

Xenakis, Iannis

2004-12-22T18:37:00.000-08:00

Romanian-born Greek-French composer and architect (b. May 29, 1922, Braila, Rom. - d. Feb. 4, 2001, Paris, France), based his music on mathematical principles, particularly theories of probability. Although his music was generated by the rigorous application of nonmusical ideas, the results were often powerful and moving. He created orchestral, ensemble, and solo works for traditional instruments

Mammal, Nervous and endocrine systems

2004-12-21T17:27:00.000-08:00

The nervous system and the system of endocrine glands are closely related to one another in their function, for both serve to coordinate activity. The endocrine glands of mammals generally have more complex regulatory functions than do those of lower vertebrates. This is particularly true of the pituitary gland, which supplies hormones that regulate the reproductive

Skate

2004-12-20T18:34:00.000-08:00

In sports, one of a pair of bladelike devices worn on the feet for skating on ice or, when wheeled, for skating on a surface other than ice. See ice skating; roller-skating.

Astor, Mary

2004-12-19T10:07:00.000-08:00

Astor's early career was

Mesopotamia, History Of, The Hurrians

2004-12-17T07:49:00.000-08:00

The Hurrians enter the orbit of ancient Middle Eastern civilization toward the end of the 3rd millennium BC. They arrived in Mesopotamia from the north or the east, but it is not known how long they had lived in the peripheral regions. There is a brief inscription in Hurrian language from the end of the period of Akkad, while that of King Arishen (or Atalshen) of Urkish and

Wollstonecraft, Mary

2004-12-16T15:52:00.000-08:00

The daughter of a farmer, Wollstonecraft taught school and worked as a governess, experiences that inspired her views in Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (1787). In 1788 she began working as a translator for the London publisher James Johnson, who published

Olympia

2004-12-15T06:16:00.000-08:00

City, capital of Washington, U.S., seat (1852) of Thurston county, on Budd Inlet and Capitol Lake (at the south end of Puget Sound), at the mouth of the Deschutes River, 29 miles (47 km) southwest of Tacoma. Laid out in 1851 as Smithfield, it became the site of a U.S. customs house and was renamed for the nearby Olympic Mountains. Chosen as the territorial capital in 1853, Olympia developed port facilities

Ekofisk

2004-12-14T13:29:00.000-08:00

Group of Norwegian offshore natural-gas and oil fields located in the North Sea about 180 miles (290 km) southwest of Norway, halfway between Norway and the United Kingdom. The Ekofisk district includes the Ekofisk field itself (1969; petroleum) and the original, relatively small natural-gas discovery at Cod (1968), as well as petroleum fields at Tor (1970), West Ekofisk (1970), and

Iran, Ancient, The Old Elamite period

2004-12-13T09:26:00.000-08:00

The earliest kings in the Old Elamite period may date to approximately 2700 BC. Already conflict with Mesopotamia, in this case apparently with the city of Ur, was characteristic of Elamite history. These early rulers were succeeded by the Awan (Shustar) dynasty. The 11th king of this line entered into treaty relations with the great Naram-Sin of Akkad (reigned c. 2254 - c. 2218 BC). Yet a new ruling

Mahbubnagar

2004-12-12T14:04:00.000-08:00

Mahbubnagar district (7,112 sq mi [18,419 sq km]) is located

Dench, Dame Judi

2004-12-11T04:42:00.000-08:00

Dench studied at the Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art in London. In 1957 she gave her first important critically acclaimed performance, as Ophelia in the Old Vic production of Hamlet

Dafla

2004-12-10T19:51:00.000-08:00

The Dafla support themselves with a slash-and-burn agriculture and with hunting and fishing. They live at elevations of 3,000 to 6,000 feet (900 to 1,800 m) in houses built on pilings. Descent

CheapCheese

Elijah

Louis

Mcphee, John

Switzerland

Chaco Boreal

Baader, Franz Xaver Von

East Haven

Arnold, Matthew

Iraq, Recurrence of military coups, 196368

Isabella I

Achelous River

Block And Tackle

Pacific Ocean, Eastern region

Basho

Mahasanghika

Oak Bay

Gobel, Jean-baptiste-joseph

Re

Arabian Desert

France, History Of, Foreign affairs

France, History Of, Foreign affairs

Comte, Auguste

Ear, Human, Nerves

Ear, Human, Nerves

Craig, Edward Gordon

Soria

France, History Of, The Dreyfus affair

John George Ii

Ujigami

Sucker

Calder, Alexander (stirling)

Stahl, Franklin W.

Distillation

Ibn Al-haytham

Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseyevich

Aerospace Industry, Avionics

Overture

Jew's Harp

Skaraborg

Baseball

Trask, Kate Nichols

Juan Jos� De Austria

Interlude

Tabby

Tabby

Abu Bakar

Felting

Utility And Value

Ahmed I

Wampum

Ramathibodi I

Colfax

Extraterritoriality

Ataulphus

Boston, Continuous park system

Kirishitan

Art And Architecture, Oceanic, Aesthetics

Morand, Paul

Argentina, Drainage

Cabbage Looper

North America, 30 to 2.5 million years ago

Dahshur

Andong

Medicine, Naval and air force medicine

Medicine, Naval and air force medicine

Gully

Astoria Canyon

Abraham, Karl

Wellingborough

Parakou

Amol

Sore Mouth

Vald�s Leal, Juan De Nisa

Settat

Sporophyte

Biblical Literature, The Hellenistic period

Tanzania, Early exploration

Furuta Oribe

Biblical Literature, Biblical literature in the liturgy of Judaism

Iraq, Recurrence of military coups, 196368